darkened the skies over the Arctic. It is the third time in the past five years that high intensity fires have erupted in the region, Europe’s Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) said last week. A majority of fires are in Sakha, Russia, where more than 160 wildfires charred Nearly 460,000 hectares of land up until June 24, according to Russia state news agency Tass. ARE WILDFIRES NATURAL IN ARCTIC REGION? Wildfires have been a natural part of the Arctic’s boreal forest or snow forest and tundra (treeless regions) ecosystems. However, in recent years, their frequency and scale in the regions have Increased, primarily due to global warming. More worryingly, these blazing wildfires are fueling the climate crisis.

CARBON EMISSIONS FOR HIGH LATITUDE WILDFIRES

Arctic Wildfires explained for UPSC FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR WILDFIRES IN ARCTIC There are three major factors which are responsible for wildfires in the Arctic:
  • The Arctic has been warming roughly four times as fast as the world.
    • While the global average temperature has increased by at least 1.1 degree Celsius above the pre-industrial levels, the Arctic has become on average around 3 degree warmer than it was in 1980.
    • This fast paced warming has led to more frequent lightning in the Arctic, which has further increased the likelihood of wildfires — lightning-sparked fires have more than doubled in Alaska and the Northwest Territories since 1975, according to a 2017 study.
    • Soaring temperatures have also slowed down the polar jet stream — responsible for circulating air between the mid and northern latitudes — due to less of a temperature difference between the Arctic and lower latitudes.
  • As a result, the polar jet stream often gets “stuck” in one place, bringing unseasonably warm weather to the region.
  • It also blocks out low-pressure systems, which bring clouds and rainfall, possibly leading to intense heat waves, which can cause more wildfires.
HOW ARCTIC WILDFIRES CAN EXACERBATE GLOBAL WARMING? When wildfires ignite, they burn vegetation and organic matter, releasing the heat trapping greenhouse gases (GhGs) such as carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. That is why the rising frequency of wildfires around the globe is a Matter of concern as they contribute to climate change. However, in the case of Arctic wildfires, such GHG emissions are not the biggest worry. It is rather the carbon stored underneath the region’s permafrost (any ground that stays frozen for at least two years straight.) Scientists estimate that Arctic permafrost holds around 1,700 billion metric tons of carbon, including methane and CO2. That’s roughly 51 times the amount of carbon the world released as fossil fuel emissions in 2019.

THE CONSEQUENCES

  • This can cause ancient organic materials such as dead animals and plants to decompose and release carbon into the atmosphere.
  • In case a large-scale thawing of Arctic permafrost is triggered, it would be impossible to stop the release of carbon.
  • This would mean that the world will not be able to limit global warming within the 1.5 degree Celsius threshold.
  • Breaching the limit will result in catastrophic and irreversible consequences for the planet including spread of pandemic diseases.
“What happens in the Arctic doesn’t stay there — Arctic change amplifies risks Globally for all of us. These fires are a warning cry for urgent action,”